成员函数被重载的特征:
(1)相同的范围(在同一个类中);
(2)函数名字相同;
(3)参数不同;
(4)virtual关键字可有可无。
覆盖是指派生类函数覆盖基类函数,特征是:
(1)不同的范围(分别位于派生类与基类);
(2)函数名字相同;
(3)参数相同;
(4)基类函数必须有virtual关键字。
“隐藏”是指派生类的函数屏蔽了与其同名的基类函数,规则如下:
(1)如果派生类的函数与基类的函数同名,但是参数不同。此时,不论有无virtual关键字,基类的函数将被隐藏(注意别与重载混淆)。
(2)如果派生类的函数与基类的函数同名,并且参数也相同,但是基类函数没有virtual关键字。此时,基类的函数被隐藏(注意别与覆盖混淆)。
例1:
#include <iostream.h>
class Base
{
public:
void f(int x)
{ cout << "Base::f(int) " << x << endl; }
void f(float x)
{ cout << "Base::f(float) " << x << endl; }
virtual void g(void)
{ cout << "Base::g(void)" << endl;}
};
class Derived : public Base
{
public:
virtual void g(void)
{ cout << "Derived::g(void)" << endl;}
};
void main(void)
{
Derived d;
Base *pb = &d;
pb->f(42); // Base::f(int) 42
pb->f(3.14f); // Base::f(float) 3.14
pb->g(); // Derived::g(void)
}
例1中函数Base::f(int)与Base::f(float)相互重载,而Base::g(void)被Derived::g(void)覆盖。
例2:
#include <iostream.h>
class Base
{
public:
virtual void f(float x)
{ cout << "Base::f(float) " << x << endl; }
void g(float x)
{ cout << "Base::g(float) " << x << endl; }
void h(float x)
{ cout << "Base::h(float) " << x << endl; }
};
class Derived : public Base
{
public:
virtual void f(float x)
{ cout << "Derived::f(float) " << x << endl; }
void g(int x)
{ cout << "Derived::g(int) " << x << endl; }
void h(float x)
{ cout << "Derived::h(float) " << x << endl; }
};
void main(void)
{
Derived d;
Base *pb = &d;
Derived *pd = &d;
// Good : behavior depends solely on type of the object
pb->f(3.14f); // Derived::f(float) 3.14
pd->f(3.14f); // Derived::f(float) 3.14
// Bad : behavior depends on type of the pointer
pb->g(3.14f); // Base::g(float) 3.14
pd->g(3.14f); // Derived::g(int) 3 (surprise!)
// Bad : behavior depends on type of the pointer
pb->h(3.14f); // Base::h(float) 3.14 (surprise!)
pd->h(3.14f); // Derived::h(float) 3.14
}
例2中(1)函数Derived::f(float)覆盖了Base::f(float)。
(2)函数Derived::g(int)隐藏了Base::g(float),而不是重载。
(3)函数Derived::h(float)隐藏了Base::h(float),而不是覆盖。
[在学习C++的时候,我发现有很多同学对于这三方面的知识很容易弄混淆,因此我总结了以上两个简单的例子,希望对于在这方面不是很清楚的人有点帮助]