TIJ4-code.zip
(542.57 KB)
2010-07-31 10:10
程序代码：
//: object/ShowProperties.java
public class ShowProperties {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.getProperties().list(System.out);
System.out.println(System.getProperty("user.name"));
System.out.println(
System.getProperty("java.library.path"));
}
} ///:~
//: object/HelloDate.java
import java.util.*;
/** The first Thinking in Java example program.
* Displays a string and today's date.
* @author Bruce Eckel
* @author www.* @version 4.0
*/
public class HelloDate {
/** Entry point to class & application.
* @param args array of string arguments
* @throws exceptions No exceptions thrown
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, it's: ");
System.out.println(new Date());
}
} /* Output: (55% match)
Hello, it's:
Wed Oct 05 14:39:36 MDT 2005
*///:~
//: object/Documentation1.java
/** A class comment */
public class Documentation1 {
/** A field comment */
public int i;
/** A method comment */
public void f() {}
} ///:~
//: object/Documentation2.java
/**
* <pre>
* System.out.println(new Date());
* </pre>
*/
public class Documentation2 {}
///:~
//: object/Documentation3.java
/**
* You can <em>even</em> insert a list:
* <ol>
* <li> Item one
* <li> Item two
* <li> Item three
* </ol>
*/
public class Documentation3 {}
///:~
2010-07-31 10:12
程序代码：//: operators/HelloDate.java
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class HelloDate {
public static void main(String[] args) {
print("Hello, it's: ");
print(new Date());
}
} /* Output: (55% match)
Hello, it's:
Wed Oct 05 14:39:05 MDT 2005
*///:~
//: operators/Precedence.java
public class Precedence {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 1, y = 2, z = 3;
int a = x + y - 2/2 + z; // (1)
int b = x + (y - 2)/(2 + z); // (2)
System.out.println("a = " + a + " b = " + b);
}
} /* Output:
a = 5 b = 1
*///:~
//: operators/Assignment.java
// Assignment with objects is a bit tricky.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
class Tank {
int level;
}
public class Assignment {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Tank t1 = new Tank();
Tank t2 = new Tank();
t1.level = 9;
t2.level = 47;
print("1: t1.level: " + t1.level +
", t2.level: " + t2.level);
t1 = t2;
print("2: t1.level: " + t1.level +
", t2.level: " + t2.level);
t1.level = 27;
print("3: t1.level: " + t1.level +
", t2.level: " + t2.level);
}
} /* Output:
1: t1.level: 9, t2.level: 47
2: t1.level: 47, t2.level: 47
3: t1.level: 27, t2.level: 27
*///:~
//: operators/PassObject.java
// Passing objects to methods may not be
// what you're used to.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
class Letter {
char c;
}
public class PassObject {
static void f(Letter y) {
y.c = 'z';
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Letter x = new Letter();
x.c = 'a';
print("1: x.c: " + x.c);
f(x);
print("2: x.c: " + x.c);
}
} /* Output:
1: x.c: a
2: x.c: z
*///:~
//: operators/MathOps.java
// Demonstrates the mathematical operators.
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class MathOps {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a seeded random number generator:
Random rand = new Random(47);
int i, j, k;
// Choose value from 1 to 100:
j = rand.nextInt(100) + 1;
print("j : " + j);
k = rand.nextInt(100) + 1;
print("k : " + k);
i = j + k;
print("j + k : " + i);
i = j - k;
print("j - k : " + i);
i = k / j;
print("k / j : " + i);
i = k * j;
print("k * j : " + i);
i = k % j;
print("k % j : " + i);
j %= k;
print("j %= k : " + j);
// Floating-point number tests:
float u, v, w; // Applies to doubles, too
v = rand.nextFloat();
print("v : " + v);
w = rand.nextFloat();
print("w : " + w);
u = v + w;
print("v + w : " + u);
u = v - w;
print("v - w : " + u);
u = v * w;
print("v * w : " + u);
u = v / w;
print("v / w : " + u);
// The following also works for char,
// byte, short, int, long, and double:
u += v;
print("u += v : " + u);
u -= v;
print("u -= v : " + u);
u *= v;
print("u *= v : " + u);
u /= v;
print("u /= v : " + u);
}
} /* Output:
j : 59
k : 56
j + k : 115
j - k : 3
k / j : 0
k * j : 3304
k % j : 56
j %= k : 3
v : 0.5309454
w : 0.0534122
v + w : 0.5843576
v - w : 0.47753322
v * w : 0.028358962
v / w : 9.940527
u += v : 10.471473
u -= v : 9.940527
u *= v : 5.2778773
u /= v : 9.940527
*///:~
//: operators/AutoInc.java
// Demonstrates the ++ and -- operators.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class AutoInc {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 1;
print("i : " + i);
print("++i : " + ++i); // Pre-increment
print("i++ : " + i++); // Post-increment
print("i : " + i);
print("--i : " + --i); // Pre-decrement
print("i-- : " + i--); // Post-decrement
print("i : " + i);
}
} /* Output:
i : 1
++i : 2
i++ : 2
i : 3
--i : 2
i-- : 2
i : 1
*///:~
//: operators/Equivalence.java
public class Equivalence {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer n1 = new Integer(47);
Integer n2 = new Integer(47);
System.out.println(n1 == n2);
System.out.println(n1 != n2);
}
} /* Output:
false
true
*///:~
//: operators/EqualsMethod.java
public class EqualsMethod {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer n1 = new Integer(47);
Integer n2 = new Integer(47);
System.out.println(n1.equals(n2));
}
} /* Output:
true
*///:~
//: operators/EqualsMethod2.java
// Default equals() does not compare contents.
class Value {
int i;
}
public class EqualsMethod2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Value v1 = new Value();
Value v2 = new Value();
v1.i = v2.i = 100;
System.out.println(v1.equals(v2));
}
} /* Output:
false
*///:~
//: operators/Bool.java
// Relational and logical operators.
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class Bool {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Random rand = new Random(47);
int i = rand.nextInt(100);
int j = rand.nextInt(100);
print("i = " + i);
print("j = " + j);
print("i > j is " + (i > j));
print("i < j is " + (i < j));
print("i >= j is " + (i >= j));
print("i <= j is " + (i <= j));
print("i == j is " + (i == j));
print("i != j is " + (i != j));
// Treating an int as a boolean is not legal Java:
//! print("i && j is " + (i && j));
//! print("i || j is " + (i || j));
//! print("!i is " + !i);
print("(i < 10) && (j < 10) is "
+ ((i < 10) && (j < 10)) );
print("(i < 10) || (j < 10) is "
+ ((i < 10) || (j < 10)) );
}
} /* Output:
i = 58
j = 55
i > j is true
i < j is false
i >= j is true
i <= j is false
i == j is false
i != j is true
(i < 10) && (j < 10) is false
(i < 10) || (j < 10) is false
*///:~
//: operators/ShortCircuit.java
// Demonstrates short-circuiting behavior
// with logical operators.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class ShortCircuit {
static boolean test1(int val) {
print("test1(" + val + ")");
print("result: " + (val < 1));
return val < 1;
}
static boolean test2(int val) {
print("test2(" + val + ")");
print("result: " + (val < 2));
return val < 2;
}
static boolean test3(int val) {
print("test3(" + val + ")");
print("result: " + (val < 3));
return val < 3;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
boolean b = test1(0) && test2(2) && test3(2);
print("expression is " + b);
}
} /* Output:
test1(0)
result: true
test2(2)
result: false
expression is false
*///:~
//: operators/Literals.java
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class Literals {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i1 = 0x2f; // Hexadecimal (lowercase)
print("i1: " + Integer.toBinaryString(i1));
int i2 = 0X2F; // Hexadecimal (uppercase)
print("i2: " + Integer.toBinaryString(i2));
int i3 = 0177; // Octal (leading zero)
print("i3: " + Integer.toBinaryString(i3));
char c = 0xffff; // max char hex value
print("c: " + Integer.toBinaryString(c));
byte b = 0x7f; // max byte hex value
print("b: " + Integer.toBinaryString(b));
short s = 0x7fff; // max short hex value
print("s: " + Integer.toBinaryString(s));
long n1 = 200L; // long suffix
long n2 = 200l; // long suffix (but can be confusing)
long n3 = 200;
float f1 = 1;
float f2 = 1F; // float suffix
float f3 = 1f; // float suffix
double d1 = 1d; // double suffix
double d2 = 1D; // double suffix
// (Hex and Octal also work with long)
}
} /* Output:
i1: 101111
i2: 101111
i3: 1111111
c: 1111111111111111
b: 1111111
s: 111111111111111
*///:~
//: operators/Exponents.java
// "e" means "10 to the power."
public class Exponents {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Uppercase and lowercase ‘e’ are the same:
float expFloat = 1.39e-43f;
expFloat = 1.39E-43f;
System.out.println(expFloat);
double expDouble = 47e47d; // ‘d’ is optional
double expDouble2 = 47e47; // Automatically double
System.out.println(expDouble);
System.out.println(expDouble2);
}
} /* Output:
1.39E-43
4.7E48
4.7E48
*///:~
//: operators/URShift.java
// Test of unsigned right shift.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class URShift {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = -1;
print(Integer.toBinaryString(i));
i >>>= 10;
print(Integer.toBinaryString(i));
long l = -1;
print(Long.toBinaryString(l));
l >>>= 10;
print(Long.toBinaryString(l));
short s = -1;
print(Integer.toBinaryString(s));
s >>>= 10;
print(Integer.toBinaryString(s));
byte b = -1;
print(Integer.toBinaryString(b));
b >>>= 10;
print(Integer.toBinaryString(b));
b = -1;
print(Integer.toBinaryString(b));
print(Integer.toBinaryString(b>>>10));
}
} /* Output:
11111111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
11111111111111111111111111111111
11111111111111111111111111111111
11111111111111111111111111111111
11111111111111111111111111111111
11111111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111
*///:~
/*
Calculate Order of short(s >>>= 10;) and byte(b >>>= 10;):
1.Change the value to int
2.Shift the int value
3.assign the result value to the variable
*/
//: operators/BitManipulation.java
// Using the bitwise operators.
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class BitManipulation {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Random rand = new Random(47);
int i = rand.nextInt();
int j = rand.nextInt();
printBinaryInt("-1", -1);
printBinaryInt("+1", +1);
int maxpos = 2147483647;
printBinaryInt("maxpos", maxpos);
int maxneg = -2147483648;
printBinaryInt("maxneg", maxneg);
printBinaryInt("i", i);
printBinaryInt("~i", ~i);
printBinaryInt("-i", -i);
printBinaryInt("j", j);
printBinaryInt("i & j", i & j);
printBinaryInt("i | j", i | j);
printBinaryInt("i ^ j", i ^ j);
printBinaryInt("i << 5", i << 5);
printBinaryInt("i >> 5", i >> 5);
printBinaryInt("(~i) >> 5", (~i) >> 5);
printBinaryInt("i >>> 5", i >>> 5);
printBinaryInt("(~i) >>> 5", (~i) >>> 5);
long l = rand.nextLong();
long m = rand.nextLong();
printBinaryLong("-1L", -1L);
printBinaryLong("+1L", +1L);
long ll = 9223372036854775807L;
printBinaryLong("maxpos", ll);
long lln = -9223372036854775808L;
printBinaryLong("maxneg", lln);
printBinaryLong("l", l);
printBinaryLong("~l", ~l);
printBinaryLong("-l", -l);
printBinaryLong("m", m);
printBinaryLong("l & m", l & m);
printBinaryLong("l | m", l | m);
printBinaryLong("l ^ m", l ^ m);
printBinaryLong("l << 5", l << 5);
printBinaryLong("l >> 5", l >> 5);
printBinaryLong("(~l) >> 5", (~l) >> 5);
printBinaryLong("l >>> 5", l >>> 5);
printBinaryLong("(~l) >>> 5", (~l) >>> 5);
}
static void printBinaryInt(String s, int i) {
print(s + ", int: " + i + ", binary:\n " +
Integer.toBinaryString(i));
}
static void printBinaryLong(String s, long l) {
print(s + ", long: " + l + ", binary:\n " +
Long.toBinaryString(l));
}
} /* Output:
-1, int: -1, binary:
11111111111111111111111111111111
+1, int: 1, binary:
1
maxpos, int: 2147483647, binary:
1111111111111111111111111111111
maxneg, int: -2147483648, binary:
10000000000000000000000000000000
i, int: -1172028779, binary:
10111010001001000100001010010101
~i, int: 1172028778, binary:
1000101110110111011110101101010
-i, int: 1172028779, binary:
1000101110110111011110101101011
j, int: 1717241110, binary:
1100110010110110000010100010110
i & j, int: 570425364, binary:
100010000000000000000000010100
i | j, int: -25213033, binary:
11111110011111110100011110010111
i ^ j, int: -595638397, binary:
11011100011111110100011110000011
i << 5, int: 1149784736, binary:
1000100100010000101001010100000
i >> 5, int: -36625900, binary:
11111101110100010010001000010100
(~i) >> 5, int: 36625899, binary:
10001011101101110111101011
i >>> 5, int: 97591828, binary:
101110100010010001000010100
(~i) >>> 5, int: 36625899, binary:
10001011101101110111101011
...
*///:~
//: operators/TernaryIfElse.java
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class TernaryIfElse {
static int ternary(int i) {
return i < 10 ? i * 100 : i * 10;
}
static int standardIfElse(int i) {
if(i < 10)
return i * 100;
else
return i * 10;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
print(ternary(9));
print(ternary(10));
print(standardIfElse(9));
print(standardIfElse(10));
}
}
/* Output:
900
100
900
100
*///:~
//: operators/StringOperators.java
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class StringOperators {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 0, y = 1, z = 2;
String s = "x, y, z ";
print(s + x + y + z);
print(x + " " + s); // Converts x to a String
s += "(summed) = "; // Concatenation operator
print(s + (x + y + z));
print("" + x); // Shorthand for Integer.toString()
}
} /* Output:
x, y, z 012
0 x, y, z
x, y, z (summed) = 3
0
*///:~
//: operators/Casting.java
public class Casting {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 200;
long lng = (long)i;
lng = i; // "Widening," so cast not really required
long lng2 = (long)200;
lng2 = 200;
// A "narrowing conversion":
i = (int)lng2; // Cast required
}
} ///:~
//: operators/CastingNumbers.java
// What happens when you cast a float
// or double to an integral value?
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class CastingNumbers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double above = 0.7, below = 0.4;
float fabove = 0.7f, fbelow = 0.4f;
print("(int)above: " + (int)above);
print("(int)below: " + (int)below);
print("(int)fabove: " + (int)fabove);
print("(int)fbelow: " + (int)fbelow);
}
} /* Output:
(int)above: 0
(int)below: 0
(int)fabove: 0
(int)fbelow: 0
*///:~
//: operators/RoundingNumbers.java
// Rounding floats and doubles.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class RoundingNumbers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double above = 0.7, below = 0.4;
float fabove = 0.7f, fbelow = 0.4f;
print("Math.round(above): " + Math.round(above));
print("Math.round(below): " + Math.round(below));
print("Math.round(fabove): " + Math.round(fabove));
print("Math.round(fbelow): " + Math.round(fbelow));
}
} /* Output:
Math.round(above): 1
Math.round(below): 0
Math.round(fabove): 1
Math.round(fbelow): 0
*///:~
//: operators/Overflow.java
// Surprise! Java lets you overflow.
public class Overflow {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int big = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
System.out.println("big = " + big);
int bigger = big * 4;
System.out.println("bigger = " + bigger);
}
} /* Output:
big = 2147483647
bigger = -4
*///:~
2010-07-31 10:14
程序代码：//: control/IfElse.java
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class IfElse {
static int result = 0;
static void test(int testval, int target) {
if(testval > target)
result = +1;
else if(testval < target)
result = -1;
else
result = 0; // Match
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
test(10, 5);
print(result);
test(5, 10);
print(result);
test(5, 5);
print(result);
}
} /* Output:
1
-1
0
*///:~
//: control/WhileTest.java
// Demonstrates the while loop.
public class WhileTest {
static boolean condition() {
boolean result = Math.random() < 0.99;
System.out.print(result + ", ");
return result;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
while(condition())
System.out.println("Inside 'while'");
System.out.println("Exited 'while'");
}
} /* (Execute to see output) *///:~
//: control/ListCharacters.java
// Demonstrates "for" loop by listing
// all the lowercase ASCII letters.
public class ListCharacters {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(char c = 0; c < 128; c++)
if(Character.isLowerCase(c))
System.out.println("value: " + (int)c +
" character: " + c);
}
} /* Output:
value: 97 character: a
value: 98 character: b
value: 99 character: c
value: 100 character: d
value: 101 character: e
value: 102 character: f
value: 103 character: g
value: 104 character: h
value: 105 character: i
value: 106 character: j
...
*///:~
//: control/ForEachFloat.java
import java.util.*;
public class ForEachFloat {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Random rand = new Random(47);
float f[] = new float[10];
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
f[i] = rand.nextFloat();
for(float x : f)
System.out.println(x);
}
} /* Output:
0.72711575
0.39982635
0.5309454
0.0534122
0.16020656
0.57799757
0.18847865
0.4170137
0.51660204
0.73734957
*///:~
//: control/ForEachString.java
public class ForEachString {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(char c : "An African Swallow".toCharArray() )
System.out.print(c + " ");
}
} /* Output:
A n A f r i c a n S w a l l o w
*///:~
//: control/ForEachInt.java
import static net.mindview.util.Range.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class ForEachInt {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i : range(10)) // 0..9
printnb(i + " ");
print();
for(int i : range(5, 10)) // 5..9
printnb(i + " ");
print();
for(int i : range(5, 20, 3)) // 5..20 step 3
printnb(i + " ");
print();
}
} /* Output:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5 6 7 8 9
5 8 11 14 17
*///:~
//: control/IfElse2.java
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class IfElse2 {
static int test(int testval, int target) {
if(testval > target)
return +1;
else if(testval < target)
return -1;
else
return 0; // Match
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
print(test(10, 5));
print(test(5, 10));
print(test(5, 5));
}
} /* Output:
1
-1
0
*///:~
//: control/LabeledFor.java
// For loops with "labeled break" and "labeled continue."
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class LabeledFor {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 0;
outer: // Can't have statements here
for(; true ;) { // infinite loop
inner: // Can't have statements here
for(; i < 10; i++) {
print("i = " + i);
if(i == 2) {
print("continue");
continue;
}
if(i == 3) {
print("break");
i++; // Otherwise i never
// gets incremented.
break;
}
if(i == 7) {
print("continue outer");
i++; // Otherwise i never
// gets incremented.
continue outer;
}
if(i == 8) {
print("break outer");
break outer;
}
for(int k = 0; k < 5; k++) {
if(k == 3) {
print("continue inner");
continue inner;
}
}
}
}
// Can't break or continue to labels here
}
} /* Output:
i = 0
continue inner
i = 1
continue inner
i = 2
continue
i = 3
break
i = 4
continue inner
i = 5
continue inner
i = 6
continue inner
i = 7
continue outer
i = 8
break outer
*///:~
//: control/LabeledWhile.java
// While loops with "labeled break" and "labeled continue."
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class LabeledWhile {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 0;
outer:
while(true) {
print("Outer while loop");
while(true) {
i++;
print("i = " + i);
if(i == 1) {
print("continue");
continue;
}
if(i == 3) {
print("continue outer");
continue outer;
}
if(i == 5) {
print("break");
break;
}
if(i == 7) {
print("break outer");
break outer;
}
}
}
}
} /* Output:
Outer while loop
i = 1
continue
i = 2
i = 3
continue outer
Outer while loop
i = 4
i = 5
break
Outer while loop
i = 6
i = 7
break outer
*///:~
//: control/VowelsAndConsonants.java
// Demonstrates the switch statement.
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class VowelsAndConsonants {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Random rand = new Random(47);
for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
int c = rand.nextInt(26) + ‘a’;
printnb((char)c + ", " + c + ": ");
switch(c) {
case ‘a’:
case ‘e’:
case ‘i’:
case ‘o’:
case ‘u’: print("vowel");
break;
case ‘y’:
case ‘w’: print("Sometimes a vowel");
break;
default: print("consonant");
}
}
}
} /* Output:
y, 121: Sometimes a vowel
n, 110: consonant
z, 122: consonant
b, 98: consonant
r, 114: consonant
n, 110: consonant
y, 121: Sometimes a vowel
g, 103: consonant
c, 99: consonant
f, 102: consonant
o, 111: vowel
w, 119: Sometimes a vowel
z, 122: consonant
...
*///:~
2010-07-31 10:36
程序代码：//: initialization/SimpleConstructor.java
// Demonstration of a simple constructor.
class Rock {
Rock() { // This is the constructor
System.out.print("Rock ");
}
}
public class SimpleConstructor {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
new Rock();
}
} /* Output:
Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock Rock
*///:~
//: initialization/SimpleConstructor2.java
// Constructors can have arguments.
class Rock2 {
Rock2(int i) {
System.out.print("Rock " + i + " ");
}
}
public class SimpleConstructor2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i = 0; i < 8; i++)
new Rock2(i);
}
} /* Output:
Rock 0 Rock 1 Rock 2 Rock 3 Rock 4 Rock 5 Rock 6 Rock 7
*///:~
//: initialization/PrimitiveOverloading.java
// Promotion of primitives and overloading.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class PrimitiveOverloading {
void f1(char x) { printnb("f1(char) "); }
void f1(byte x) { printnb("f1(byte) "); }
void f1(short x) { printnb("f1(short) "); }
void f1(int x) { printnb("f1(int) "); }
void f1(long x) { printnb("f1(long) "); }
void f1(float x) { printnb("f1(float) "); }
void f1(double x) { printnb("f1(double) "); }
void f2(byte x) { printnb("f2(byte) "); }
void f2(short x) { printnb("f2(short) "); }
void f2(int x) { printnb("f2(int) "); }
void f2(long x) { printnb("f2(long) "); }
void f2(float x) { printnb("f2(float) "); }
void f2(double x) { printnb("f2(double) "); }
void f3(short x) { printnb("f3(short) "); }
void f3(int x) { printnb("f3(int) "); }
void f3(long x) { printnb("f3(long) "); }
void f3(float x) { printnb("f3(float) "); }
void f3(double x) { printnb("f3(double) "); }
void f4(int x) { printnb("f4(int) "); }
void f4(long x) { printnb("f4(long) "); }
void f4(float x) { printnb("f4(float) "); }
void f4(double x) { printnb("f4(double) "); }
void f5(long x) { printnb("f5(long) "); }
void f5(float x) { printnb("f5(float) "); }
void f5(double x) { printnb("f5(double) "); }
void f6(float x) { printnb("f6(float) "); }
void f6(double x) { printnb("f6(double) "); }
void f7(double x) { printnb("f7(double) "); }
void testConstVal() {
printnb("5: ");
f1(5);f2(5);f3(5);f4(5);f5(5);f6(5);f7(5); print();
}
void testChar() {
char x = 'x';
printnb("char: ");
f1(x);f2(x);f3(x);f4(x);f5(x);f6(x);f7(x); print();
}
void testByte() {
byte x = 0;
printnb("byte: ");
f1(x);f2(x);f3(x);f4(x);f5(x);f6(x);f7(x); print();
}
void testShort() {
short x = 0;
printnb("short: ");
f1(x);f2(x);f3(x);f4(x);f5(x);f6(x);f7(x); print();
}
void testInt() {
int x = 0;
printnb("int: ");
f1(x);f2(x);f3(x);f4(x);f5(x);f6(x);f7(x); print();
}
void testLong() {
long x = 0;
printnb("long: ");
f1(x);f2(x);f3(x);f4(x);f5(x);f6(x);f7(x); print();
}
void testFloat() {
float x = 0;
printnb("float: ");
f1(x);f2(x);f3(x);f4(x);f5(x);f6(x);f7(x); print();
}
void testDouble() {
double x = 0;
printnb("double: ");
f1(x);f2(x);f3(x);f4(x);f5(x);f6(x);f7(x); print();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
PrimitiveOverloading p =
new PrimitiveOverloading();
p.testConstVal();
p.testChar();
p.testByte();
p.testShort();
p.testInt();
p.testLong();
p.testFloat();
p.testDouble();
}
} /* Output:
5: f1(int) f2(int) f3(int) f4(int) f5(long) f6(float) f7(double)
char: f1(char) f2(int) f3(int) f4(int) f5(long) f6(float) f7(double)
byte: f1(byte) f2(byte) f3(short) f4(int) f5(long) f6(float) f7(double)
short: f1(short) f2(short) f3(short) f4(int) f5(long) f6(float) f7(double)
int: f1(int) f2(int) f3(int) f4(int) f5(long) f6(float) f7(double)
long: f1(long) f2(long) f3(long) f4(long) f5(long) f6(float) f7(double)
float: f1(float) f2(float) f3(float) f4(float) f5(float) f6(float) f7(double)
double: f1(double) f2(double) f3(double) f4(double) f5(double) f6(double) f7(double)
*///:~
//: initialization/Demotion.java
// Demotion of primitives and overloading.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class Demotion {
void f1(char x) { print("f1(char)"); }
void f1(byte x) { print("f1(byte)"); }
void f1(short x) { print("f1(short)"); }
void f1(int x) { print("f1(int)"); }
void f1(long x) { print("f1(long)"); }
void f1(float x) { print("f1(float)"); }
void f1(double x) { print("f1(double)"); }
void f2(char x) { print("f2(char)"); }
void f2(byte x) { print("f2(byte)"); }
void f2(short x) { print("f2(short)"); }
void f2(int x) { print("f2(int)"); }
void f2(long x) { print("f2(long)"); }
void f2(float x) { print("f2(float)"); }
void f3(char x) { print("f3(char)"); }
void f3(byte x) { print("f3(byte)"); }
void f3(short x) { print("f3(short)"); }
void f3(int x) { print("f3(int)"); }
void f3(long x) { print("f3(long)"); }
void f4(char x) { print("f4(char)"); }
void f4(byte x) { print("f4(byte)"); }
void f4(short x) { print("f4(short)"); }
void f4(int x) { print("f4(int)"); }
void f5(char x) { print("f5(char)"); }
void f5(byte x) { print("f5(byte)"); }
void f5(short x) { print("f5(short)"); }
void f6(char x) { print("f6(char)"); }
void f6(byte x) { print("f6(byte)"); }
void f7(char x) { print("f7(char)"); }
void testDouble() {
double x = 0;
print("double argument:");
f1(x);f2((float)x);f3((long)x);f4((int)x);
f5((short)x);f6((byte)x);f7((char)x);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Demotion p = new Demotion();
p.testDouble();
}
} /* Output:
double argument:
f1(double)
f2(float)
f3(long)
f4(int)
f5(short)
f6(byte)
f7(char)
*///:~
//: initialization/DefaultConstructor.java
class Bird {}
public class DefaultConstructor {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Bird b = new Bird(); // Default!
}
} ///:~
//: initialization/NoSynthesis.java
class Bird2 {
Bird2(int i) {}
Bird2(double d) {}
}
public class NoSynthesis {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//! Bird2 b = new Bird2(); // No default
Bird2 b2 = new Bird2(1);
Bird2 b3 = new Bird2(1.0);
}
} ///:~
//: initialization/BananaPeel.java
class Banana { void peel(int i) { /* ... */ } }
public class BananaPeel {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Banana a = new Banana(),
b = new Banana();
a.peel(1);
b.peel(2);
}
} ///:~
//: initialization/Leaf.java
// Simple use of the "this" keyword.
public class Leaf {
int i = 0;
Leaf increment() {
i++;
return this;
}
void print() {
System.out.println("i = " + i);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Leaf x = new Leaf();
x.increment().increment().increment().print();
}
} /* Output:
i = 3
*///:~
//: initialization/Flower.java
// Calling constructors with "this"
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class Flower {
int petalCount = 0;
String s = "initial value";
Flower(int petals) {
petalCount = petals;
print("Constructor w/ int arg only, petalCount= "
+ petalCount);
}
Flower(String ss) {
print("Constructor w/ String arg only, s = " + ss);
s = ss;
}
Flower(String s, int petals) {
this(petals);
//! this(s); // Can't call two!
this.s = s; // Another use of "this"
print("String & int args");
}
Flower() {
this("hi", 47);
print("default constructor (no args)");
}
void printPetalCount() {
//! this(11); // Not inside non-constructor!
print("petalCount = " + petalCount + " s = "+ s);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Flower x = new Flower();
x.printPetalCount();
}
} /* Output:
Constructor w/ int arg only, petalCount= 47
String & int args
default constructor (no args)
petalCount = 47 s = hi
*///:~
//: initialization/TerminationCondition.java
// Using finalize() to detect an object that
// hasn't been properly cleaned up.
class Book {
boolean checkedOut = false;
Book(boolean checkOut) {
checkedOut = checkOut;
}
void checkIn() {
checkedOut = false;
}
protected void finalize() {
if(checkedOut)
System.out.println("Error: checked out");
// Normally, you'll also do this:
// super.finalize(); // Call the base-class version
}
}
public class TerminationCondition {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Book novel = new Book(true);
// Proper cleanup:
novel.checkIn();
// Drop the reference, forget to clean up:
new Book(true);
// Force garbage collection & finalization:
System.gc();
}
} /* Output:
Error: checked out
*///:~
//: initialization/InitialValues.java
// Shows default initial values.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class InitialValues {
boolean t;
char c;
byte b;
short s;
int i;
long l;
float f;
double d;
InitialValues reference;
void printInitialValues() {
print("Data type Initial value");
print("boolean " + t);
print("char [" + c + "]");
print("byte " + b);
print("short " + s);
print("int " + i);
print("long " + l);
print("float " + f);
print("double " + d);
print("reference " + reference);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
InitialValues iv = new InitialValues();
iv.printInitialValues();
/* You could also say:
new InitialValues().printInitialValues();
*/
}
} /* Output:
Data type Initial value
boolean false
char [ ]
byte 0
short 0
int 0
long 0
float 0.0
double 0.0
reference null
*///:~
// null 是一个值，用来表示一个个对象引用（reference）没有指向任何对象。
//: initialization/InitialValues2.java
// Providing explicit initial values.
public class InitialValues2 {
boolean bool = true;
char ch = 'x';
byte b = 47;
short s = 0xff;
int i = 999;
long lng = 1;
float f = 3.14f;
double d = 3.14159;
} ///:~
//: initialization/Measurement.java
class Depth {}
public class Measurement {
Depth d = new Depth();
// ...
} ///:~
//: initialization/MethodInit.java
public class MethodInit {
int i = f();
int f() { return 11; }
} ///:~
//: initialization/MethodInit2.java
public class MethodInit2 {
int i = f();
int j = g(i);
int f() { return 11; }
int g(int n) { return n * 10; }
} ///:~
//: initialization/MethodInit3.java
public class MethodInit3 {
//! int j = g(i); // Illegal forward reference
int i = f();
int f() { return 11; }
int g(int n) { return n * 10; }
} ///:~
//: initialization/Counter.java
public class Counter {
int i;
Counter() { i = 7; }
// ...
} ///:~
//: initialization/OrderOfInitialization.java
// Demonstrates initialization order.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
// When the constructor is called to create a
// Window object, you'll see a message:
class Window {
Window(int marker) { print("Window(" + marker + ")"); }
}
class House {
Window w1 = new Window(1); // Before constructor
House() {
// Show that we're in the constructor:
print("House()");
w3 = new Window(33); // Reinitialize w3
}
Window w2 = new Window(2); // After constructor
void f() { print("f()"); }
Window w3 = new Window(3); // At end
}
public class OrderOfInitialization {
public static void main(String[] args) {
House h = new House();
h.f(); // Shows that construction is done
}
} /* Output:
Window(1)
Window(2)
Window(3)
House()
Window(33)
f()
*///:~
//: initialization/StaticInitialization.java
// Specifying initial values in a class definition.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
class Bowl {
Bowl(int marker) {
print("Bowl(" + marker + ")");
}
void f1(int marker) {
print("f1(" + marker + ")");
}
}
class Table {
static Bowl bowl1 = new Bowl(1);
Table() {
print("Table()");
bowl2.f1(1);
}
void f2(int marker) {
print("f2(" + marker + ")");
}
static Bowl bowl2 = new Bowl(2);
}
class Cupboard {
Bowl bowl3 = new Bowl(3);
static Bowl bowl4 = new Bowl(4);
Cupboard() {
print("Cupboard()");
bowl4.f1(2);
}
void f3(int marker) {
print("f3(" + marker + ")");
}
static Bowl bowl5 = new Bowl(5);
}
public class StaticInitialization {
public static void main(String[] args) {
print("Creating new Cupboard() in main");
new Cupboard();
print("Creating new Cupboard() in main");
new Cupboard();
table.f2(1);
cupboard.f3(1);
}
static Table table = new Table();
static Cupboard cupboard = new Cupboard();
} /* Output:
Bowl(1)
Bowl(2)
Table()
f1(1)
Bowl(4)
Bowl(5)
Bowl(3)
Cupboard()
f1(2)
Creating new Cupboard() in main
Bowl(3)
Cupboard()
f1(2)
Creating new Cupboard() in main
Bowl(3)
Cupboard()
f1(2)
f2(1)
f3(1)
*///:~
//: initialization/Spoon.java
public class Spoon {
static int i;
static {
i = 47;
}
} ///:~
//: initialization/ExplicitStatic.java
// Explicit static initialization with the "static" clause.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
class Cup {
Cup(int marker) {
print("Cup(" + marker + ")");
}
void f(int marker) {
print("f(" + marker + ")");
}
}
class Cups {
static Cup cup1;
static Cup cup2;
static {
cup1 = new Cup(1);
cup2 = new Cup(2);
}
Cups() {
print("Cups()");
}
}
public class ExplicitStatic {
public static void main(String[] args) {
print("Inside main()");
Cups.cup1.f(99); // (1)
}
// static Cups cups1 = new Cups(); // (2)
// static Cups cups2 = new Cups(); // (2)
} /* Output:
Inside main()
Cup(1)
Cup(2)
f(99)
*///:~
//: initialization/Mugs.java
// Java "Instance Initialization."
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
class Mug {
Mug(int marker) {
print("Mug(" + marker + ")");
}
void f(int marker) {
print("f(" + marker + ")");
}
}
public class Mugs {
Mug mug1;
Mug mug2;
{
mug1 = new Mug(1);
mug2 = new Mug(2);
print("mug1 & mug2 initialized");
}
Mugs() {
print("Mugs()");
}
Mugs(int i) {
print("Mugs(int)");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
print("Inside main()");
new Mugs();
print("new Mugs() completed");
new Mugs(1);
print("new Mugs(1) completed");
}
} /* Output:
Inside main()
Mug(1)
Mug(2)
mug1 & mug2 initialized
Mugs()
new Mugs() completed
Mug(1)
Mug(2)
mug1 & mug2 initialized
Mugs(int)
new Mugs(1) completed
*///:~
//: initialization/ArraysOfPrimitives.java
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class ArraysOfPrimitives {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] a1 = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int[] a2;
a2 = a1;
for(int i = 0; i < a2.length; i++)
a2[i] = a2[i] + 1;
for(int i = 0; i < a1.length; i++)
print("a1[" + i + "] = " + a1[i]);
}
} /* Output:
a1[0] = 2
a1[1] = 3
a1[2] = 4
a1[3] = 5
a1[4] = 6
*///:~
//: initialization/ArrayNew.java
// Creating arrays with new.
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class ArrayNew {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] a;
Random rand = new Random(47);
a = new int[rand.nextInt(20)];
print("length of a = " + a.length);
print(Arrays.toString(a));
}
} /* Output:
length of a = 18
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
*///:~
//: initialization/ArrayClassObj.java
// Creating an array of nonprimitive objects.
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class ArrayClassObj {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Random rand = new Random(47);
Integer[] a = new Integer[rand.nextInt(20)];
print("length of a = " + a.length);
for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
a[i] = rand.nextInt(500); // Autoboxing
print(Arrays.toString(a));
}
} /* Output: (Sample)
length of a = 18
[55, 193, 361, 461, 429, 368, 200, 22, 207, 288, 128, 51, 89, 309, 278, 498, 361, 20]
*///:~
//: initialization/ArrayInit.java
// Array initialization.
import java.util.*;
public class ArrayInit {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer[] a = {
new Integer(1),
new Integer(2),
3, // Autoboxing
};
Integer[] b = new Integer[]{
new Integer(1),
new Integer(2),
3, // Autoboxing
};
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(a));
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(b));
}
} /* Output:
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3]
*///:~
//: initialization/DynamicArray.java
// Array initialization.
public class DynamicArray {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Other.main(new String[]{ "fiddle", "de", "dum" });
}
}
class Other {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(String s : args)
System.out.print(s + " ");
}
} /* Output:
fiddle de dum
*///:~
//: initialization/VarArgs.java
// Using array syntax to create variable argument lists.
class A {}
public class VarArgs {
static void printArray(Object[] args) {
for(Object obj : args)
System.out.print(obj + " ");
System.out.println();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
printArray(new Object[]{
new Integer(47), new Float(3.14), new Double(11.11)
});
printArray(new Object[]{"one", "two", "three" });
printArray(new Object[]{new A(), new A(), new A()});
}
} /* Output: (Sample)
47 3.14 11.11
one two three
A@1a46e30 A@3e25a5 A@19821f
*///:~
//: initialization/NewVarArgs.java
// Using array syntax to create variable argument lists.
public class NewVarArgs {
static void printArray(Object... args) {
for(Object obj : args)
System.out.print(obj + " ");
System.out.println();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Can take individual elements:
printArray(new Integer(47), new Float(3.14),
new Double(11.11));
printArray(47, 3.14F, 11.11);
printArray("one", "two", "three");
printArray(new A(), new A(), new A());
// Or an array:
printArray((Object[])new Integer[]{ 1, 2, 3, 4 });
printArray(); // Empty list is OK
}
} /* Output: (75% match)
47 3.14 11.11
47 3.14 11.11
one two three
A@1bab50a A@c3c749 A@150bd4d
1 2 3 4
*///:~
//: initialization/OptionalTrailingArguments.java
public class OptionalTrailingArguments {
static void f(int required, String... trailing) {
System.out.print("required: " + required + " ");
for(String s : trailing)
System.out.print(s + " ");
System.out.println();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
f(1, "one");
f(2, "two", "three");
f(0);
}
} /* Output:
required: 1 one
required: 2 two three
required: 0
*///:~
//: initialization/VarargType.java
public class VarargType {
static void f(Character... args) {
System.out.print(args.getClass());
System.out.println(" length " + args.length);
}
static void g(int... args) {
System.out.print(args.getClass());
System.out.println(" length " + args.length);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
f('a');
f();
g(1);
g();
System.out.println("int[]: " + new int[0].getClass());
}
} /* Output:
class [Ljava.lang.Character; length 1
class [Ljava.lang.Character; length 0
class [I length 1
class [I length 0
int[]: class [I
*///:~
//: initialization/Spiciness.java
public enum Spiciness {
NOT, MILD, MEDIUM, HOT, FLAMING
} ///:~
//: initialization/EnumOrder.java
public class EnumOrder {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(Spiciness s : Spiciness.values())
System.out.println(s + ", ordinal " + s.ordinal());
}
} /* Output:
NOT, ordinal 0
MILD, ordinal 1
MEDIUM, ordinal 2
HOT, ordinal 3
FLAMING, ordinal 4
*///:~
//: initialization/SimpleEnumUse.java
public class SimpleEnumUse {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Spiciness howHot = Spiciness.MEDIUM;
System.out.println(howHot);
}
} /* Output:
MEDIUM
*///:~
2010-07-31 10:52